Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis (2024)

The main aim of this work is focused on FE modeling of wood structure. This task is conditioned mainly by different organized structures/regions (tissues, anomalies...) and leads to homogenization process of multiphysics declaration of common scientific and engineering problems. The crucial role in this paper is played by derivation of coefficient form of general PDE which is solvable by nowadays numerical solvers. Generality of supposed model is given by wide range of coupled physical fields included in the model. Used approach summarizes and brings together models for various fields of matter and energy common in wood material in wood drying process, but is also suitable for a lot of different tasks of similar materials. Namely microwave drying of wood with orthotropic, visco-elastic material properties together with time, moisture and temperature dependency of structural strains by modified mechanical properties were included. Specific matrixes of elasticity for individual fields were derived. Thermal field in wood was described by conduction type of spreading. Coupling of physical fields is based on diffusive character of temperature, moisture, static pressure fields movement.

The work is focused on the possibilities of accoustic emission (AE) signal sensing from surfaces inaccessible for commonly used sensors. The aim of the work is to verify the possibility of assembly of several measuring devices for maximalization of the possibilities of AE signal sensing in practice. For this purpose, samples of waveguides and sets of tools for their clamping with AE senzor have been constructed. These samples have been tested in laboratory conditions and functionality of the whole system has been validated in practise. Several sets of normalized AE signal measurements have been performed at all waveguides samples. The results have been evaluated from several points of view, concerning waveguide design. The results contributed to the knowledge of signal conduction through waveguide body, its changes and deformation. The results of evaluation has also confirmed that waveguide shape differences do not cause any critical failings. The possibility of further device set development have been confirmed.

This work deals with use of FT NIR spectroscopy to speedy analysis of maturation of edam cheese. Maturation of cheese was study with the measure of soluble nitrogen, tyrosine and tryptophane. This method can be able to make optimal making raw material to production of processed cheese. Samples of edam cheese (45% fat in dry matter) were analysed with time of ripening 7 to 99 days. Soluble nitrogen, tyrosine and tryptophane were analysed on UV-VisSpectrometer (270 and 290 nm). Sequentially samples were analysed on FT NIR spectrometer of two methods: 1) slice of cheese was analysed help with optical probe, 2) grated cheese was analysed on the integration sphere. The values of correlation coefficient of calibration on the integration sphere were as follows: soluble nitrogen 0.922, tyrosine 0.911 and tryptophane 0.852. The values of correlation coefficient of calibration with optical probe were as follows: soluble nitrogen 0.996, tyrosine 0.958 and tryptophane 0.922.

In 2006 to 2007, the community of small terrestrial mammals was studied in a natural forest area of the Kelečská pahorkatina Upland situated on the boundary-line of the Oderské and Hostýnské vrchy Hills (district of Přerov, Czech Republic). Biotopes under study represented artificial plantings of beech, mature production forest stands and forest reserves. In total, 83 small terrestrial mammals of six species were caught by means of snap traps laid in lines. The majority of species colonized young plantings (n = 6, H'= 1.35), high forests showing lower diversity (n = 4, H'= 0.76). In 2006, population densities of small mammals were very low. In 2007, an increase in the population density of some species occurred, which was evidently affected by the in creased offer of food in the form of excessive seed crop (mainly of beech) in 2006. The most abundant species was Apodemus flavicollis, which represented more than half of all trapped small mammals. Arvicolidae and Insectivora showed very low populations. The high relative abundance of Apodemus agrarius in plantings of woody species was an interesting finding. These plantings are, with respect to low moisture and food offer, an atypical site for this species.

The study deals with the influence of urea-formaldehyde glue and veneered bolstering on technological operation veneering on quantity of emission VOCs (volatile organic compounds).
The so-called Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are among the largest pollution sources of both the internal and external environments.
VOC is defined as emission of any organic compound or a mixture thereof, with the exception of methane, whereby the compound exerts the pressure of 0.01 kPa or more at the temperature of 20 °C (293.15 K) and reaches the corresponding volatility under the specific conditions of its use and can undergo photochemical reactions with nitrogen oxides when exposed to solar radiation.
The effects of VOC upon environment can be described by equation:
VOC + NO_x + UV radiation + heat = tropospheric ozone (O₃).
In this work there were tested background working environment in various parts of multi-storeyed press, next was judged emissive charge of veneered device and used glue. We used surface material such as chipboard. We used urea-formaldehyde glue KRONOCOL U300 on technological operation veneering.
The VOC emissions from the wooden surfaces with or without finishing were tested in the Equipment for VOC Measuring with a small-space chamber. This equipment was installed in and made available by the Institute of Furniture, Design and Habitation. The small-space chamber is suitable for testing small parts of wood products. The device equipped with small-chamber satisfies all conditions mandated in the standard ENV 13 419 DIN -V-ENV 13 419 "Determination of the emissions of Volatile organic compounds".
The VOC emissions were collected in columns with sorbent Tenax TA. We analyzed the columns with the VOC emissions by: the gas chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometer and Direct Thermal Desorption.

Heat-treated salamis "Vysočina" were produced with standard way in a meat factory; their diameter was 55 mm. Samples were stored under laboratory conditions at different temperatures: 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C and sensory analysed every week during one month storage. The dry matter (d.m.) was measured, too. Descriptors of general appearance, sausage casing, texture, cut surface, dry edge, smell, taste, and salty were monitored. Biggest changes were in descriptors general appearance and sausage casing (P < 0.001) and also in dry edge (P < 0.010) during the month period. Germs of moulds were found only at 5 and 10 °C. Rapid increase of d.m. in samples was noticeable in the first week of the storage time. It was 3 % d.m. at 5 °C and 11 % d.m. at 25 °C. Increase of d.m. of salamis continues slowly in the next three weeks period; the total difference was about 10 % d.m. in the temperature range measured. Decrease of d.m. at 5 °C was noticed in the last week of the measurement. The difference was 3.5 % d.m. This change means that the equilibrium moisture content of the samples of salamis has been reached at the temperature 5 °C. The best sensorial quality of salamis "Vysočina" was in the storage temperature ranged from 15 to 20 °C.

Temperature dependence of dark beer dynamic viscosity have been evaluated. The beer samples have been tested in the wide range of temperatures (from 2 to 90 °C) by means of rotary viscometer. The dynamic viscoity ranged from 3.91 to 1.01 mPas. Arrhenius equation have been used to model experimental data with satisfying match R² = 0.993. Heat gradient in the gap of measuring cell have been described and evaluated.

The aim of this work is creation conception proposal of information system. It is processed on the example of the firm making business on the czech market in the area of selling personal car of premium segment. On the basic of analysis external and internal environment was discovered a need of application of the new information communication technologies (ICT) and related reengineering changes. Submitted model ICT contains account modul, instore modul, servis modul, sales modul, special software of car company and modul e-commerce. Within the framework conception proposal of ICT arised modular arrangement of new environment to new built strategy, thereby this approach is new by classic concept, where exist strategy of firm and management of firm and to them is added as accelerating instrument of these processes information systems.

The term "vulnerability of groundwater to contamination" was introduced by French hydrogeologist J. Margat in the late 1960s. The idea of describing the degree of vulnerability of groundwater to contaminants as a function of hydrogeological conditions by means of maps was conceived to show that the protection provided by the natural environment varies at different locations. Groundwater vulnerability maps belong to category of special-purpose environmental maps and introduce one of the possible tool to solve groundwater protection. The synthetic map of relevant catchment area of Žilůvky stream was composed in the program ArcGIS as a intersection between 4 partial maps: the map of soil character according to infiltration capability, the map of geological structure according to permeability, the map of unsaturated zone potency and the map of karst phenomens, springs and boreholes localization. The final map was presented in 4 variants A - D according to meaning of layers which have the influence on groundwater vulnerability.

One of the most important parts in a precision farming system is the crop yield mapping. The pre-processing of the point data from combine harvesters, the transfer of the yield data onto the management grid and the interpolation of the yields are discussed, as well as using of the yield data themselves. The goal of the contribution was to verify, with the help of the field measuring on two stations, the dependence of the yield obtained by processing of the measured yield data from the combine harvester (where the yield monitor is installed) on the weighted yield. This is because of yield variability, which is the basic dependent variable of majority belonging to the rest kinds of field variation that provides the basic information about the field. Afterwards it is possible to transfer the yield data as the base for the variable application of the fertilizer. By this we access yield effects for the different site - specific treatment.

Polders show an important water-management function in the flood-control protection of watersheds. The course of actual floods in recent decades and effects of the water works on flood flows have proved the suitability of the construction within integrated flood-control measures in particular watersheds of the Czech Republic. To determine the transformation effect of flood-control measures in watersheds mathematical modelling is an important method, which is used not only in the preparation and design of retention areas but also in dealing with the flood protection of towns and villages. Easy verification of other measures in watersheds is also useful. Their implementation can be thus prepared for the future or it is possible to back off the intentions. In our case, a fact is advantageous that the model is operated in the workplace of the Elbe Basin water-management dispatching centre, which is compatible with assessed polders in the partial Elbe watershed, namely in the Tichá Orlice watershed and its partial Třebovka watershed. The polders assessed are situated on the Třebovka stream, which is the largest tributary of the Tichá Orlice river. These dry reservoirs and the increased protective function of the Hvězda pond affect runoff from about 80 km². Within research activities, possibilities were studied to obtain necessary retention areas in existing small water reservoirs. It became evident that the only realistic solution was to increase protective functions of the pond Hvězda. Its present total retention space of 1.4 million m³ can be increased only by 0.35 million m³, however, in combination with the sophisticated lay-out of a new emergency spillway and outlet the whole retention space can be used much more effectively. To obtain other retention areas localities were found out in the whole upper watershed of the Třebovka stream, which fulfilled requirements for placing the adequate capacity of polders. Subsequent modifications of the Třebovka channel in the most endangered villages and towns and their capacity design according to transformation effects of selected reservoirs and measures, determination of their effect and comparison with profiles on the Tichá Orlice are the content of the paper.

From 2003 to 2005, this work studied the preference of tree species on non-forest land in the forest district Soutok (Southern Moravia, Czech Republic) in order to evaluate the suitability of the area for the development and the its importance in relation to the decrease of damage in neighbouring production forests. The diet included the total of 14 tree species with diameter interval reaching from 1-10 cm to 191-200 cm. The most preferred species was Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) (40.5 %) with the diameter 1-10 cm and willow (Salix spp.) (31.7 %) with the diameter 11-20 cm - both species with good ability to regenerate. Activities of European beaver negatively influenced the population of European white elm (Ulmus laevis), which belongs to the endangered species. Significant is the low ratio of poplars Populus spp. (7.9 %) caused by the forest management. Maintaining the suitable tree composition and a sufficiently high percentage of individual tree species - in favour of willows and poplars - can result in the needed decrease of stress caused by the population of beaver on the adjacent forest stands and in the decrease of possible damage.

During the years 2001 and 2002 we conducted hydrochemical monitoring of intensively managed pond to evaluate the impact of high pig slurry doses on eutrophication. Pig slurry application was carried out in colder period of the year (February-April) via tube system with sludge pump from nearby piggery.
Our results showed that pig slurry application do not permanently affect the water quality of Jarohněvický pond. When the correct application is made slurry is effectively utilized by biomass for the growth, which prevents surface and underground waters to be polluted as in the case of incorrect application on agricultural land.
Critical point of this technology in terms of water management is the way of pig slurry application and the exact dose. Even extremely high slurry doses (16.1 kg.m^-2 in 2001 and 15.6 kg.m^-2 in 2002) used in Jarohněvický pond did not negatively affected pond ecosystem. Only higher amount of organisms that increased natural fish production was recorded. It is necessary to implement this ameliorative intervention in colder period of the year considering higher hazard of variations in decisive hydrochemical parameters at higher water temperature.

Caraway has very low competitive ability against most of weed species. Therefore, it is important to choose a suitable herbicide control, especially at biennial caraway. The experiments with the herbicides applied in caraway were found in pure growth, with variety Kepron (with standard length of vegetative period). The aim of the trials was to find out the differences at achenes yiled and essential oil content after the treatment by the various herbicides, applied preemergently. Also, the selective activity of individual herbicides was tested, including the different doses. The herbicides used in the experiments had enough level of selektivity on the plants of caraway. They had a positive effect on the yiled comparing to non-treated control variant in all observed years. There was no statistically significant difference in essential oil kontent between the treated variants and non-treated control. On the basis of these results, the most suitable herbicide was chosen for the "minor" registration for caraway.

The aim of this paper is to examine the abrasive resistance of the plywood formatted by fiberglass. Our methodology for the evaluation of the newly designed material was developed so that it corresponds to the related European standards. It is complemented with the sampling method and the preparation of the samples for examination including their climatization. According to our design, we carried out the measurements of the selected structures of fire-proof multi-layered veneer materials with coats of different surface weight in combination with the fiberglass. The gained data about the abrasive resistance can be considered as reliable. The rates of abrasive resistance were examined in reference to the EU current standards which set their area of application. This research is part of the MSMT project No. MSM 6215648902 "Les a dřevo" (Forest and Wood).

Results of an analysis of dipteran pests composition and changes of their importance in agricultural, horticultural and ornamental plants during the 20th century are given. Even 89 Diptera species have been registered as pests of these plants (1.1 % of all species known in the Czech Republic). Of these ca 14 (16%) species caused regular and important and other 23 (26%) species occasional damages. The remaining 52 (58%) species are unimportant, local and sporadic pests. Only small changes (10% maximally) in the species composition of more important dipteran pests have been registered during the century.

The paper deals with problems concerning customers' satisfaction. It summarizes results of primary research focused on an analysis of fundamental factors, which shape clients' preferences, influence the level of satisfaction of transportation companies' customers in general and in transportation companies under study in particular. Altogether 49 % of respondents mentioned that the type of transportation means was the most important factor that influenced their satisfaction. As other significant factors influencing the satisfaction of respondents the following were mentioned: prices of transportation, quality of services during the transportation, respecting regular pauses during transportation, and the possibility of refreshments during the transportation. All companies that were addressed monitored the level of satisfaction of their customers (nearly 20 % did this every month). Each company that monitored satisfaction of its customers every year also developed a marketing plan of their activities. The paper also contains detailed results of conducted inquiries as well as the relevant discussion.

We conducted this study to evaluate the new in vitro system, DAISY^II to determine organic matter (OM) digestibility in ruminant feedstuffs with and without addition of the yeast culture (RUMEX) in the amount of 0 grams; 0.30 grams and 2.40 grams/2L of rumen fluid. Three types of total mix rations (TMR) were used in the experiment. Feedstufs samples were mixed in the ruminal fluid of cows. The material was incubated at 39 degrees of Celsius for 48 hours. Results from the DAISY^II were compared with one another. Higher fibrous material content in 1 kilogram of dry matter (145.4 grams or 218.6 grams) and less energy ME (10.24 MJ or 11.88 MJ/kilogram of dry matter) in each TMR gave rise to worse organic matter digestibility. The highest digestibility of organic matter was noted at TMR 1 (81.04 % (0 g) or 83.47 % (0.30 g) or 84.30 % (2.4 g) with the addition of the yeast culture) and the lowest digestibility was noted at TMR 3 (78.98 % (0 g) or 82.49 % (0.30 g) or 82.95 % (2.4 g)). The supplement of the yeast culture in the amount of 0.3 grams (P

In 2001-2004 an influence of gradually increased portions of nitrogen (100-130-160 kg/N.ha^-1) applied on the wheat variety Ebi in combination with the modified fungicidal protection in the yield and the selected quality grain parameters were observed within the small-plot field trials. Nitrogenous fertilizers according to the amount of nitrogen contained were applied in 2-4 terms during vegetation in regeneration (55kg/N.ha^-1), 1^st production (45kg/N.ha^-1), 2^nd production (30kg/N.ha^-1) and qualitative portion (30kg/N.ha^-1). The fungicidal protection was based on the equal treatment in the phase of BBCH 37 and with regard to the varieties different treatment in the phase of BBCH 55. The dependence on the year was proved at all observed parameters. Higher intensity of nitrogenous fertilization had no decisive impact on the yields. From the point of view of increased yields, the second production nitrogenous fertilization had the strongest impact; it increased the grain yields by 0.084-0.461 t./ha^-1. Higher intensity of nitrogenous fertilization positively influenced the baker's grain quality. The increased portions of nitrogen decisively increased the volume of N-substances in all trial years. The second production nitrogenous fertilization increased the N-substances volume from 0.1 to 0.8%. Qualitative additional fertilization increased their volume from 0.26 to 1.38%. Higher N portions increased sedimentation in most cases. The falling number was not considerably influenced. The mechanical grain qualities (volume weight, number full grains, and GTW) were relatively less influenced than the baker's quality by the nitrogenous fertilization.
The application of fungicides positively influenced not only the yields but also mechanical qualities of the grain, i.e. volume weight, thousand grains weight and portion of Full grains. On the contrary the baker's quality was not decisively influenced. It was proved that the decisive fungicidal treatment is the one applied in the period of coming to ear (BBCH 55). Single fungicidal treatment in the early period of the flag leaves (BBCH 37) increased the yields only by 6% and the grain quality was not decisively influenced. Double treatment then increased the yields by 18.15% in average. The highest increases were reached at fungicidal varieties fertilized with the nitrogen portion (19.55%), the lowest after application of the N portion on the level of 100kg/ha^-1. Here the grain yields were also in average 16.77% higher than the yields of the untreated varieties. The highest grain yields after the application of fungicide was reached in 2003 (26.16%) and the lowest in 2001 (14.16%). The differences in the yields at the varieties with the full fungicidal protection and different spectrum of fungicides used were not statistically evident in the trial duration. The increase in the yields contrary to untreated variety and the variety with the limited fungicidal protection (application of fungicides only in BBCH 37) was statistically evident in most cases.
The least effective was the impact of the fungicide Caramba in the portion of 1 l/ha^-1. On the contrary, the varieties containing the fungicides with the agent from the group o

Essential part of raw milk component measurement is indirect infraanalyse. The checking of time measurement stability is important there. The preparation of pilot samples was described. Information about deep frozen milk pilot sample stability are sporadic. Aim of this work was to verify the stability of long-term stored and deep frozen pilot samples (FPSs). Pilot samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen bath -196 °C and after that stored at -21 °C for one month (A) and more months (B) till analyse. The pilot samples were measured by CombiFoss 6000: fat F (%); protein CP (%); lactose L (%); casein C (%); solid non fat SNF (%); urea U (mg/100ml); somatic cell count SCC (ths./ml). In the short-term (A) experiment the impact of freezing on pilot milk samples was relatively small, in the framework of acceptable value of repeatability (±0.02 %) for components. The stability of values of FPSs was better according to standard deviations for important F evaluation in H (Holstein) breed samples. The repeatability of values of FPSs in the time was very good for other components. The repeatability was better for SCC in J (Jersey) breed samples (±16.5 thousands/ml). That is why the higher variability (±30.1 thousands/ml) in H sample is visible less sceptically. The apparent result trends were not observable in the repeatability development of important milk indicators in FPSs. The mild trend was only in CP, but this trend covered absolutely very small shift (variation range). There are only oscillations, which are similar between J and H samples. It is possible to attribute these oscillations rather to instrument effects than to sample effects. The oscilations were markedly higher in the long-term (B) experiment. Between J and H samples the oscilations were very similar in curves F and L. It is also possible to attribute them more to instrumental effects. The repeatability values (standard deviations sd) of FPSs were mostly lower than ±0.06 %. It is acceptable for result agreement between indirect and reference method. Relevant sd varied from ±0.025 % for L to ±0.059 % for F (in J breed) with exception CP ±0.085 % in J sample. Also B procedure was shown as applicable for instrumental sability control in half year period. In practice the one reference value for concrete FPS is valid from one to next calibration. Persistent trend in repeatability of FPSs can indicate an inadequate instrumental drift. The applied FPS procedure is usable for stability control of instrumental measurement in milk laboratories.

The qualitative and quantitative composition of macrozoobenthos of two brooks of the Svitavy region was studied. Both brooks rise in the region with formerly mines. Altogether, 61 taxa of macrozoobenthos were determined. Saprobical indices of both brooks correspond to beta-mesosaprobity class at all sampling sites.

The main aim of this work is focused on weak solution of coupled physical task the microwave drying of wood with stress-strain effects and moisture/temperature dependency. Due to well known weak solution for separated physical fields without coupled effect, author concerns with coupled stress-strain relation coupled with moisture and temperature distribution. For scale dependency the subgrid upscaling method was used. Solved region is assumed to be divided into discontinual subregions according to investigated scale. This approach sugests sequential type of solution for highly coupled task. This way, very huge structures (huge according to geometry and also physics) can be solved in reasonable time and with memory consumptions. Main emphasis was putted on evaluation of structural response of the whole complex. Due to influence of moisture, temperature and time the coupled physical task of structural response is solved. Sugested aproach is of course usable not only for structural response, but for other physical fields, which were taken into account. Weak solution is based on slightly modified Ritz-Galerkin method. The work is continuing of the previous article General model of wood in typical coupled tasks: Part I. - Phenomenological approach.

The contribution is oriented to basic problem trends solution of economic pointers, using neural networks. Problems include choice of the suitable model and consequently configuration of neural nets, choice computational function of neurons and the way prediction learning. The contribution contains two basic models that use structure of multilayer neural nets and way of determination their configuration. It is postulate a simple rule for teaching period of neural net, to get most credible prediction.
Experiments are executed with really data evolution of exchange rate Kč/Euro. The main reason of choice this time series is their availability for sufficient long period. In carry out of experiments the both given basic kind of prediction models with most frequent use functions of neurons are verified. Achieve prediction results are presented as in numerical and so in graphical forms.

Combination of microbiology cultivation methods and methods of molecular biology is the best way how to achieve correct qualitative and quantitative probiotic analysis. The aim of this study was monitoring of amounts of different starter bacteria supplemented with probiotic bacterial cells Lactobacillus casei (Chr. Hansen) during fermentation and ripening of fermented sausages. Two starter cultures, one consisted of Pediococcus pentosaceus and Staphylococcus xylosus, the second of Pediococcus pentosaceus and Staphylococcus carnosus, were used for the production of sausages. As a detection method of starter and probiotic cell counts, the cultivation on MRS -IM - sorbitol agar was used. Furthermore, the confirmation of L. casei was carried out using species specific PCR. The counts of probiotic L. casei in both probiotic sausages were 10⁶/g and stayed at this level during the whole ripening period (100 days). The counts of starter bacteria were 10⁷/g after the 7 days of fermentation and stayed at this level during the whole fermentation period. PCR from one bacterial colony confirmed the identity of L. casei in 80% of analysed colonies.

The goal of this paper is to investigate the effect of the end distance of cam lock fasteners on the bending moment resistance of knock-down corner joints. The preliminary study of knock-down furniture assembly plans was done in order to discover the manufacturers' fastener typical usage in case construction. Laminated particleboard, cam fasteners and wooden dowels were used for specimen construction. L-shaped joint specimens 760 mm in length were tested by pressing the joint members together - also called a compression test in the angle plane. The study results showed that cam fasteners with end distance of 60 mm from the member edges perform the best.

The influence of the stage of maturity of alfalfa on the chemical composition and in sacco digestibility was studied in a laboratory experiment. Alfalfa plants were analysed in 8 vegetation stages harvested in regular intervals before the beginning of bud setting until the fall of blossoms. The contents of nitrogenous substances, fat, crude fibre, ADF, NDF, Ca, P, Na, K and Mg were determined in the samples, and using the in sacco method also the organic matter digestibility in the rumen. Further we assessed the energy content and calculated the N-free extractives (BNLV) value. In some stages the chemical changes were monitored in the whole plant. It was discovered that during vegetation there was a statistically significant increase in the crude fibre content and in the ADF and NDF fractions and a reduction in nitrogenous substances. A strong negative correlation was detected between the stage of maturity of alfalfa and content of crude protein and net energy for lactation (r = -0.97 and r = -0.92, respectively). In the individual stages of vegetation the differences in the content of nitrogenous substances, fibre and fat were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The statistically highest content of crude protein (28.97%) was detected in the first stage before bud setting and the lowest (11.97%) in the stage after the fall of blossoms. Later vegetation also had a stronger depressive effect on the content of fat and NEL. The organic matter digestibility (P < 0.05) was the lowest in alfalfa in the last stage of sampling (62.6%) when it reached a mere 85.99% of the digestibility at the beginning of bud setting. The highest organic matter digestibility (72.80%) was detected in a sample of young alfalfa prior to bud setting. In the experiment we confirmed a strong and negative correlation (r = -0.97) between the crude fibre content and organic matter digestibility. The correlation was also strong between the stage of maturity of alfalfa and the content of magnesium (Mg).

The article deals with current problems of the conflict of domain names on the Internet with trade marks in relation to the consumer protection. The aim of the article is to refer to ways and means of protection against of the speculative registration of a domain name. In the Czech legal order these means represent legal regulation of the unfair competition in Commercial Code, regulation of liability for damage together with the Trademarks Act.

The valuation of assets is a relatively challenging activity as well as a scientific discipline having an impact on the amount of the reported assets and economic result process. The report deals with the issue of valuation of the tangible fixed assets in the accounting entities compiling the financial statements pursuant to the Czech national legislation and in conformity with the requirements of the International Accounting Standards IAS/IFRS and US GAAP. The substantial differences in the definitions and valuation of the tangible fixed assets in these systems have been determined, indicating the impact on the economy of the accounting entity, both at the primary acquisition and as at the day of the closing of books. Attention has also been paid to the possibilities of recording the value decreases and to subsequent expenses. The analysis of legal regulations was completed with the analysis of the financial statements from selected economic entities. As per the international standards, the main difference consists in the possibility of component depreciation of tangible assets or, on the other hand, the possibility of group depreciation, in the differences in valuation in the event of acquisition paid for and of acquisition by one's own production, and in the possibility to consider the costs of disposal of assets. The subsequent expenses are also construed in a different manner: as per the Czech regulation, they are construed as repairs and maintenance. The substantial difference in comparison with the Czech regulation consists in the possibility of re-valuation of assets upwards as well as the method of actual value determination.

Almost every professional sector has embarked on the move toward sustainability. Most notably, business, architecture and design, urban and rural planning, agriculture, local and state governments, non-governmental organizations and higher education. European landscapes are facing rapid changes in land use, where understanding and management of this process is essential. Sustainability has become a widely acknowledged dimension of human actions, but still little stress is put on education in sustainability. This paper identifies focus of education, gives suggestions for improvements and presents a new tool for education and training in sustainable land use - "Road Planner". As results, it provides all users with new interesting facts on sustainability in the European Union and additional materials related to sustainable land use and Sustainability Impact Assessments (SIA). Users got the access to updated information regarding approximately 3000 courses on offer in this topic area throughout the European Union as well as case studies to compare sustainability practices in these countries in comparison to other parts of the world. Furthermore the end result of the information chain also leads the user to a collection of links such as interesting websites and further reading in the topic area.

The paper deals with the analysis of changes in the development of basic characteristics of the dairy industry in the Czech Republic, which cohere with the integration of the Czech Republic into the European Union. The attention is paid on size of the market, growth rate, life cycle, development of prices and development of foreign trade.
The total domestic consumption reached 2111.1 million litres in 2004. The industry is in the maturity. The excess of supply exists in the industry; the growth rate is low, under 5% per year. The integration of the Czech Republic into the EU didn't bring about changes in the development of basic characteristics - size of the market, growth rate, and life cycle. The volume of production changed. The total volume of purchase of raw milk for production went down by 1.4% to the value in 2000. And all prices in the product vertical - milk and milk products (prices of agricultural producers, production prices and consumer's prices) rose.