Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis (2024)

The aim of the study was evaluated the effect of chosen factors (sex, litter size, year of the study) on the growth of lambs crossbreeds with using Suffolk (Sf) in the sire position. In the mother position there were used following genotypes: Charollais (Ch), Sf 50 Ch, Improved Wallachian (IW) and IW 50 Sf. The evaluation was carried out during two successive years (2004-2005) on the farm Růžďka and involved altogether 141 lambs. The growth of lambs was evaluated in the following crossbreeds: Ch 50 Sf (n = 38), Sf 75 Ch (n = 40), IW 50 Sf (n = 29) and Sf 75 IW (n = 34). All lambs were born indoor in the period from January until the end of first decade of February. Lambs were kept indoor till the end of the study. Genotype had significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) only on birth weight. The highest daily gain (DG) from birth to 100 days of age (201 g) and the highest body weight (BW) at 100 days of age (24.26 kg) were found out in IW 50 Sf. Effect of sex had highly significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) only on birth weight and significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) only on BW at 100 days of age. Litter size was the most important factor that influenced the growth of lambs whereas this factor highly significantly (P ≤ 0.01) influenced all parameters under study excerpt the DG between 70 and 100 days of age. Monitoring year had highly significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) on BW at 100 days of age and on daily gains between 70 and 100 days of age and between birth and 100 days of age.

In 2006 and 2007 samples of harvested grain were used to verify the possibility of distinguishing 12 winter wheat genotypes and of detecting impurities on the basis of polymorphism of prolamin kernel proteins. Uniform electrophoretic patterns were detected in genotypes of Athlet, Buteo, Dromos, Ebi, Etela, Florett, Livia, Simila wheat in 2006 and 2007. On the basis of the identity index two sister prolamin lines with different share, depending on the year of harvest, were discovered in 3 wheat genotypes (Astella, Brea and Hana). The proportion of sister gliadin lines in the Astella and Brea genotypes was the same in both years. There was only minor difference (± 2.5%) in the share of the sister lines in the Hana variety between the respective years, and could be influenced by environmental factors. A foreign genotype was detected in the Mona variety. The identity index of the impurity to the Mona variety (ii = 0.30) was considerably low. In the impurity the gliadin block Gld 1B3 was not detected, which is the genetic marker of rye translocation T1BL.1RS (the Sr31 gene of resistance to black rust, higher cold resistance and the marker of poor baking quality - presence of secalin genes). The results proved the potential practical application of the electrophoretic detection of polymorphism of prolamin proteins as markers of impurities of foreign genotypes in a seed sample.

The possible ways of corporate tax base harmonization in the European Union are presented in the paper. Present situation when there are 27 different taxation systems used in the EU increases compliance costs of taxation to the companies and therefore decreases their competitiveness. It was proved, that there is negative correlation between the size of the company and the size of the compliance costs of taxation. Based on that, the European Commission has decided for twin-track strategy - to introduce home state taxation in the short term and common consolidated corporate tax base in the long term. In respect to the fact, that the pilot project in the frame of home state taxation system has not started yet, the attention has been turned to the common consolidated corporate tax base. The paper discusses the possible attitudes and methods of consolidated tax base allocation. Based on mentioned arguments the formulary apportionment with factors which generate the taxable income of the group (assets, payroll, turnover, etc.) seems to be the best solution. Factors and their weight should become the subject of further discussion in the European Union. The aim of the paper is to present the possible harmonization models and further to discuss the methods which could be used for allocation of the consolidated tax base under CCCTB.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between growing degree day method and accumulation of root reserve saccharides before over wintering by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the condition of Czech Republic. In 2002-2004, the field experiment was conducted at the Research station of the Czech University of Life Sciences in central Bohemia. The interval between summer and last autumn harvest was 40-50 days or 60-70 days, respectively. These intervals were expressed as cumulative growing degree-days (GDD) for each year. The plants were sampled in each autumn with four replicates for each variant; the average depth of sampling was 150 mm. The weight of roots, amount of starch, and water soluble saccharides (WSC) per m² was determined. The total accumulation of root reserve saccharides was determined mainly by conditions during all vegetation period. The length of the interval or cumulative GDD influenced only variation of this basic amount. The GDD was corresponded better with starch content whilst WSC was more related to length of the interval. In central Bohemia condition, the GDD 600-700 °C was preliminary determined for maximal accumulation of root reserve saccharides. The GDD above this level did not significantly increase the root reserve accumulation. For exact verify of this model, other experiments in more sites are needed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cultivation, sowing, fertilisation techniques and chosen hybrids of maize upon infestation Ostrinia nubilalis. The experiment was performed in the maize monocultures in pilot plant test of Agrodružstvo Klas Křičeň (Pardubice district, Pardubice county) between 2001-2003. An increase in the number and the harmfulness of Ostrinia nubilalis were observed in the vegetation. This significant spread is the result of the monocultural way of growing the crop with the individual treatments being conducted on the same plots (damaged plant of year 2001 - 37 %, 2002 - 44 %, 2003 - 66 %). The time sowing method had a significant influence on the increased number of Ostrinia nubilalis (1^st term of sowing 15,3 %, 2^nd term of sowing 53,9 %). Only corn cobs were harvested and large amounts of postharvest remnants stayed on the field which acted as a reservoir for the next season. Neither various soil cultivation techniques, difference between the second sowing, soil protection technology, or traditional cultivation prove to be no significant (difference 7,0 %).

The aim of the performed research was to obtain knowledge on the ability of aquatic plants naturally growing at a site to absorb trace metals contained in bottom sediments and surface water. Furthermore, we compared differences in the accumulation of trace metals by the individual groups of aquatic plants (submerged and emergent) and assessed a possible use of the individual plant species in phytoremediation techniques. Representative samples of water, sediments and aquatic macrophytes were taken from three anthropogenically loaded streams in six monitoring cycles in several collection profiles differing in the distance from a source of contamination. The samples were analysed for the total content of selected trace metals (As, Cd, Pb, Al, Hg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni and Cu). For comparison, one profile at an unloaded site was sampled as well. The obtained results were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis of data. Increased contents of Fe, Al, Mn, Cr and Zn were detected in sediments and plant biomass at loaded sites, namely 2-3× higher than at the comparing site. The contents of metals in surface water samples were altogether below the detection limit of the analytical method. When evaluating the individual plant species, we can state that the lowest contents of metals were detected in shore species (reed canary grass Phalaroides arundinacea, wood club-rush Scirpus silvaticus and red dock Rumex aquaticus); plant species growing in the very water current (water star-wort Callitriche sp. and flote-grass Glyceria fluitans) exhibited mean contents of metals. In species forming mats (Fontinalis antipyretica and Cladophora sp.), these contents were several times higher as compared to the previous species. The results of the performed research show that one of important factors, which influence the accumulation of trace metals in plants, is their ecological group (emergent - submerged) affiliation and the species classification within this group. Based on the evaluated data, we can recommend species of moss and algae that form mats eventually species growing in the very water flow for the future use in phytoremediation techniques.

The paper evaluates seven years (1993-1999) of Soil organic matter supply monitoring in multifactor field trials conducted by the Agricultural Research Institute in Kroměříž, Czech Republic, (mean annual temperature 8.9 °C, total annual precipitation 599 mm, medium Luvi-Haplic Chernozem). The studied plots were a part of nine-crop rotation: alfalfa the 1^st and 2^nd year, winter wheat, spring barley, sugar beet, spring barley, winter wheat, silage maize and spring barley. The Soil organic matter supply was measured on four plots: winter wheat after spring barley (var. 1), winter wheat after alfalfa (var. 2), spring barley after winter wheat (var. 3) and spring barley after sugar beet (var. 4). Soil samples were taken from April to July (14-day period) from topsoil (0-30 cm) and subsoil (30-60 cm). The content of Soil organic matter was determined by wet oxidation. Using bulk density, the C content (%) was converted to C supply (t.ha^-1). Average yield (t.ha^-1) reached 6.54 t/ha (var. 1), 7.47 t/ha (var. 2), 6.52 t/ha (var. 3) and 7.20 t/ha (var. 4). Evaluation of the results was carried out by the analysis of variance and time changes by the second-degree regression analysis. Results demonstrated that Soil organic matter supplies were significantly changed in topsoil. The highest supplies were found in barley after sugar beet (118 t.ha^-1), the lowest ones in wheat after alfalfa (111 t.ha^-1). As for the cereal species generally, it was documented that in topsoils under barley the supplies were higher than under winter wheat. In subsoil, there were significant differences between wheat after alfalfa (111 t.ha^-1) and barley after wheat (104 t.ha^-1). As for a difference in the Soil organic matter supply in subsoil according to the cereal species the situation was contrary than in topsoil. Higher supplies were under wheat. Generally (topsoil and subsoil), the highest supply of Soil organic matter was in barley after sugar beet (224 t.ha^-1) and similarly in wheat after alfalfa (222 t.ha^-1). The smallest supply was in the variant of wheat after barley (217 t.ha^-1). In topsoil, the average supply of humus was 114 t.ha^-1 and that in subsoil was 107 t.ha^-1 the difference being statistically significant.

The objective of this article consists in exhaustive monitoring of abrasive wear and subsequent evaluation of nodular cast iron with spheroidal graphite used as the base material for production of ploughshare blades. Nodular cast iron has a lot of convenient properties for production of these components. We have tested this material in field tests.
For these tests there were manufactured ploughshare blades (directly according to original). These ploughshare blades were tested in practical conditions of agricultural company Farma Nedvězí Ltd. Three ploughshare blades were used in natural cast state and the others were heat-treated. During the test there were measured decreases of weights of the ploughshare blades and subsequently compared with decreases of original ploughshare blades, produced by company Opall Agri which are ordinarily available at our market.

The purpose of the present paper was to investigate the accumulation of growth stresses in a cross section of a tree in active reorientation process and its biomechanical performances i.e. up-righting efficiency and stem flexibility. Effect of two factors was analysed in details: occurrence of juvenile wood and viscoelasticity of wood tissues. In a phase of active reorientation, wood tissues close to the pith are submitted to significant levels of compressive stresses. Production of juvenile wood in earlier stage of a tree life seems to increase the stem flexibility during active reorientation for both softwoods as well as hardwoods. Concerning the viscoelasticity of wood tissues, only minor effect has been observed in softwoods while an important positive impact has been pointed out in hardwoods. Set of simulations with increasing level of maturation strains in reaction tissues indicated possible trade-off between the stem flexibility and the up-righting efficiency.

Our research object was to record and to measure as much as possible Akhalteke horses, which are bred in Czech Republic, Russia and Kazakhstan. We measured and recorded 3 basic body measures - Height at withers, chest girth and girth of cannon. The only condition we have was the age of horses determined on to 3.5 years and older. At the end we recorded 260 horses. We divided the values to the groups according to state, sex and age cathegory. We use the GLM method and Tukey-B test to evaluate the results. The results of the analyse of the Height at withers (HW) shew the statistically conclusively lower values of Czech horses than in horses from Russia and Kazakhstan. The average of the HW of Czech Akhalteke horses is 154.0385cm, in comparison with Russia 157.94 cm and Kazakhstanu 156.53 cm. Next we found the statistically conclusive differencies of the values of the Girth of Chest (GCh) between Akhalteke horses from Russia (179.65 cm), Czech Akhalteke horses (177.08 cm) and horses from Kazakhstan (174.82 cm). Also the Akhalteke mares (180.06 cm) had the statistically conclusivelly higher the GCh than stallions (176.58 cm).

The focus of the investigation was on an analysis of criteria for the entry of mares of the Austrian warm-blood horse into the stud book and analysis of the pedigree of the mares. The objective of the thesis was to compare the selected properties of the mares based on their pedigree and to evaluate the effect of the Trakehner horse on the frame, type and conformation of the Austrian warm-blood, to analyse the influence of selected effects on the physique and mechanics of movement on entry into the stud book of the Austrian warm-blood, and to compare selected properties of the mares with the pedigree standard of the Austrian warm-blood. The database was compiled from results of evaluations of the conformation and mechanics of movement on entry into stud books in the period of 1990-2006. The evaluated characteristics were the basic body measurements - height of withers, heart girth, bone, and evaluation of the body conformation on a ten-point scale - head, neck, forehand, middle-piece, quarters, forelegs, hind legs, correctness of pace, walk, mechanics of movement and total mark for conformation. The comparative base consisted of 4407 mares. On the basis of results of subsequent tests we can indicate the pedigree group 1 (pure-bred Trakehner mares) as a group which obtained the highest marks for body conformation (head - 7.82, neck - 7.38, middle-piece - 7.46, correctness of pace - 7.27 total mark for conformation - 7.37). We compared the group of mares of the Austrian warm-blood pedigree standard and we discovered that out of the 4407 mares entered into the stud book of the Austrian warm-blood horses in the period of 1990-2006 the height at withers of 65 mares (1.5 % of the monitored population) was less than 158 cm, which in the Stud Book Rules is the minimal height for entry.

The content of this article is the application of the economic value added model (EVA) upon the conditions of a banking company. Due to the character of banking business, which is in a different structure of financial sheet, it is not possible to use the standard model EVA for this banking company. The base of this article is the outlined of basic principles of the EVA mode in a non-banking company. Basic specified banking activity dissimilarities are analysed and a directed methodology adjustment of a model such as this, so that it is possible to use it for a banking company.

This contribution is dealing with more than up to date topic. Nowadays more than one third of human population suffers from some form of allergies - dust, pollen or mites. The air we breathe the whole day does not come from outside, on the contrary it comes from closed rooms used for living. the important part of air are the negative ions which are neccessary for life. Therefore, the optimal level of ions should be maintained. Living enviroment which does not contain enough negative ions causes various diseases, such as allergies, asthma, headache, tiredness and depressions.
Increased concentration of negative ions inside a house is the basic prevention of tiredness and other diseases.

The contemporary trend is using probiotic cultures in fermented food production. They can be used as starter cultures and for their positive effect on human health. Probiotics are defined as living microorganisms present in food which consumed in adequate amounts affects positively the intestinal microflora's composition and balance and thus human health itself. Cultures of these bacteria have to be of human origin and be able to survive the passage through the gastrointestinal tract. They also have to be able to multiply on the site of action (in intestine) and must not be toxic or pathogenic. Unfortunately, even some probiotic cultures can be counted among potential producers of biogenic amines, so their testing for the presence of biogenic amines is necessary (BURDYCHOVÁ, 2007).
The aim of this study was screening of 26 types of bacterial cultures (SACCO, Italy) as probiotic cultures for their ability to produce biogenic amines tyramine and histamine. Cultivation in decarboxylating medium (BOVER-CID and HOLZAPFEL, 1999), HPLC descibed by BURDYCHOVÁ and DOHNAL (2007), and PCR detection of genes coding enzymes tyrosindecarboxylase and histidindecarboxylase, participating in formation of biogenic amines (COTON et al., 2004), were used as the screening methods.
19 strains of Lactobacillus spp., 3 strains of Bifidobacterium spp., 2 strains of Pediococcus spp. and 2 strains of Enterococcus spp. were examined by the methods mentioned above. The tyramine production was detected at 8 strains of Lactobacillus spp., 3 strains of Bifidobacterium spp. and 2 strains of Enterococcus spp., whereas no tested cultures were found to be able to produce histamine.
The strains at which production of biogenic amines tyramine and histamine wasn't detected are suitable for fermented food processing. When the strains at which production of tyramine was demonstrated were used in food processing, a control of concentration of this biogenic amine in final product is highly recommended.

The Old-Kladruby horse is the only autochthonous Czech horse, a gene pool and national cultural heritage, which has been bred continually for more than 400 years in the Czech Lands. During such a long time span it has become perfectly adapted to a specific environment. The performance test is one of the most important factors, which decides whether the horse is to be incorporated in breeding and it is also a basis for efficiency testing.
In our project we focused on a detailed analysis of performance tests of this breed with the aim to streamline the system of evaluation, above all in terms of increasing its objectivity.
Our database records and evaluates the results of a performance tests of the Old-Kladruby horses from the beginning of keeping records in the National Stud Farm Kladruby nad Labem. The comparisons of horses were based on the colour variant, foundation stock, family, sex, owner and year of performance test. Apart from this we observed the correlations among the particular characters and features evaluated in the performance test. We also compared the systems of performance tests of the Old-Kladruby and Lipican horses.

There are two different enterprise IS architectures, older application architecture and younger service oriented architecture. The application architecture its structural element is a classical web-based application can accept a partial or complex solution of enterprise IS. The first has got problems with data-process-communication integrity disturbing among IS applications. The second is convenient for large enterprises not for small and intermediate. Classical web-based applications are too inflexible to accepted necessary changes concerning a progress in the enterprise market-production environment.
The service oriented architecture of IS can be based on enterprise web-services. Computerization of such small and flexible units can be given by classical web-services. There is constructed a new web-based application that plays a structural unit role for service oriented architecture. This application consists of a sequence formed by enterprise web-services calling. Enterprise web-services can easily accept necessary changes concerning a progress in the enterprise market-production environment. That's why contemporary younger service oriented architecture seems to be more acceptable for any enterprise than older application architecture.

Functional and aesthetical evaluation of landscape was used in the framework of Project QF4061 Landscape Plan of a Microregion in connection with the proposal of landscape measures to be taken in an important watercourse. As a part of the project the methodology of functional and aesthetical evaluation of landscape was defined as a method of landscape spatial planning. The methodology consists in the creation of landscape "matrix" as a landscape network of a definite size. The criteria of evaluation of the particular squares of this landscape matrix were defined in the framework of methodology. The defined criteria are not invariable, but they are always related with the type of landscape to be evaluated. By the attribution of scores according to the defined criteria to the particular squares of landscape matrix these squares may be compared in a simple way. Such evaluation provides some categories of the aesthetic value of landscape that define the functional and aesthetic landscape spaces. Applying the result of this evaluation and other knowledge of the landscape we will get a more comprehensive view on landscape. The functional and aesthetic evaluation of landscape may substantially contribute to the more complex understanding of a given territory in which landscape measures are to be proposed in subsequent project documentation. The methodology is simple and easily feasible in practice.

The experimental rearing of tench (Tinca tinca) juveniles of two size classes with initial individual weight of 0.8 and 1.2 g was performed into flow-through aquaria connected to recirculation system during a period of 63 days. Three feeds (KARPICO Supreme 7 Ex, ASTA 2, L05/CH) with nutrient content of 37/8, 42/7 and 35/7 (% proteins/ fat) were used in the experiment. Achieved values of production indicators - feed conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) ranged from 1.84 to 4.15 and from 0.70 to 1.49 %.d^-1, respectively in relationship to the size class and feed used. More favourable values were achieved with the bigger size class regardless to the diet used (FCR 1.84-3.53 and SGR 0.83-1.49 %.d^-1) and the best results were achieved when using ASTA 2 feed (2.05 and 1.84 or more precisely 1.36 and 1.49%.d^-1).

The paper deals with development and changes in consumption expenditures of population. It uses secondary data to analyze consumption expenditures of EU-25 and the Czech Republic and concetrates on changes in the expenditure groups over the period of past years. Other part of this paper is devoted to primary data analysis. Primary data were obtained in a questionnaire survey. Primary data analysis is based on statistical methods and it investigates changes in the structure of consumption expenditures of households in relation to changes in household income. By using dependency analysis the paper verifies dependency of surveyed groups of consumption expenditures and groups of households sorted by identification characteristics. Additionally, also based on the primary research, the paper tries to find out the way households allocate money surplus remaining after covering all the adequate expenses.

This paper concentrates on the problems of marketing materials quality evaluation and their formal aspect and also customers' marketing materials evaluation. This area has not been concentrated on very much and nor in the literature is described. The paper presents the results of our own research which queries how the customers subjectively perceive and evaluate the marketing materials. The emphasis was put on the materials quality i.e. on what materials are considered as quality materials by the customers and which attributes mainly influence the quality. The results were aggregated on the basis of customers' responses an also on the basis of practical examples evaluation which included intentional mistakes.
The subjects of the evaluation were marketing materials quality as a general feature, the attributes influencing the quality and marketing materials quality and company quality relation. Also the examples including mistakes were evaluated. According to the questioning results, the respondents' answers vary much. It is not possible to find unambiguously right or wrong marketing materials evaluation. This area will be developed in further research which will be concentrated mainly on the typographical aspects.
The aim of this paper is to delimit and to define the present situation through the research result examination, to define 'quality' and to describe the way how marketing materials are perceived by the customers.

The objective of the paper is to assess the species composition of grass stands used under regime of two and three cuts, the grassland species diversity and the grassland quality at different levels of nutrition. The experimental site is situated in the Bohemian-Moravian Upland at an altitude of 650 m a.s.l. The subjects of assessment are two-cut and three-cut grass stands with diverse intensities of nutrition: unfertilized, 30 kg ha^-1 P and 60 kg ha^-1 K fertilized, fertilized with 90 kg ha^-1 N+PK, and fertilized with 180 kg ha^-1 N+PK. Studied characteristics were as follows: share of dominant species in the harvested herbage, species diversity of the grass stand and grass stand quality. Evaluated were years 2002-2006. The two-cut use promoted development of Dactylis glomerata. The three-cut use promoted development of Poa ssp. The share of Alopecurus pratensis was equable in the two-cut and three-cut grass stands. The dose of N90+PK promoted Dactylis glomerata and was insufficient to increase the share of Alopecurus pratensis and Poa ssp. Fertilization resulted in the decreased share of most present herbs but development of Polygonum bistorta was promoted, namely by the dose of N90+PK. In contrast, the application of PK promoted Trifolium repens. Fertilization had a significant (P < 0.05) influence on the share of individual species in the grassland. Three-cut grass stands exhibited a higher diversity than two-cut grass stands did. Fertilization had a significant (P < 0.05) influence on the decreased species diversity and on the increased grassland quality.

Resistance to lime-induced chlorosis is very important characteristic of grapevine rootstocks. Lime-induced chlorosis influence yield and quality of grapes. Evaluation of chlorosis resistance is very important for grape growing and breeding. The aim of this work is provide results of evaluation grapevine rootstocks to chlorosis. High resistance was show in Fercal. From the viewpoint of the resistance to chlorosis, the rootstocks registered in the State Variety Book of the Czech Republic can be ranked from the most resistant to the most sensitive as follows: Craciunel 2 - SO 4 - Kober 125 AA - Kober 5 BB - Teleki 5 C - Amos - LE-K-1.

The article deals with trading possibilities through the barter trade companies which are widely spread especially in USA and Wester Europe. It shows the essence of commercial and cooperative companies engaged in barter-trading business. It also introduces the International Reciprocal Trade Assiciation worldwide company (IRTA). Shows results of czech barter company LQA, ltd., which trades requisitions and other goods by jointing demands since 2000. By the help of balance sheet method it reproaches values of offered and demanded requisitions in 2007.

Counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total anaerobes and enterococci were determined in the course of ripening in the edge part (E) and the core part (C) of Dutch-type semi-hard cheese produced with different fat content (30 and 45 %) by two different producers (H and R) using two different starter cultures (L and Y). Counts of LAB at the beginning of ripening (day 0) in H producer's samples were higher (P < 0,01) in comparison with the R producer's ones. Count of enterococci was the highest (P < 0,05) at the end of the ripening (176^th day) in sample R30YE. Higher (P < 0,01) enterococci counts were in R producer's cheeses (in comparison with the H producer's ones). Enterococci contamination was higher (P < 0,05) in E-samples than C-samples. Content of the sum of all BA in cheese was negatively correlated (P < 0,05) with counts of lactic acid bacteria (r = -0,24) and counts of total anaerobes (r = -0,23). No correlation between the sum of BA content and enterococci counts was found.

The aim of the paper is consumer behaviour analysis when purchasing selected commodity groups concerning the effect of price, habit, discount and product characteristics. Analysis proceed from the Czech household marketing research, where 726 households were electronically questioned. As mentioned above, selected factors for the analysis were habit, products' characteristics, price and discount actions.
Primary aim is to measure the correspondence of selected factors influence on consumer behaviour during purchase decision making process of selected commodity groups. Interpretation is based on two-tier evaluation. First level represents commodity groups distinction by the character of goods and subsequent evaluation of goods characteristics correspondence in accordance with each influencing factor. Second one represents behaviour of commodity group in cross-section of selected factors. For consumer behaviour analysis chi-square test was used. Before its application the data set (responses) was divided according to the ten-point scale into three interval' groups.

The paper presents the resisitance of wood against a pilot flame. The fire has negative effect on the wood and its properties. The fire and its high temperature cause a degradation of chemical components of wood. Hence the physical properties are changed and strength of the wood is decreased. The combustion velocity and the loss weight depend on the material's thickness. For tests have been chosen groups of samples with thickness of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm.
The result of submitted work is a time estimation of the fire penetration and an observation of weight losses coupled with visual changes observation of degraded samples. It have been established that with an action of the pilot flame the needed time to fire penetration is rising with rising material's thickness and at the same time the cumbustion velocity is decreasing.

The aim of this paper is factors identification of the decreasing natality trend in the Czech Republic between years 1991-2005. This identification is done with respect to the financial situation and living standard of families.
The first step, analysis of natality factor - animation natality, is performed. Animation natality is divided according to the mother family state in the time of the birth. Trend of born in marriage and trend out of marriage are described. Following analysis is focused on decreasing component of natality - number of born in marriage.
The second step is time series correlation analysis used for identification and evaluation influence of demographic and economic factors on decreasing component of natality. Based on this analysis, influencing factors for regression model describing natality are selected.
The last step is formulation and estimation of multiple regression model describing causality between natality in marriage and selected factors.

Non-significant differences were established when the nutritional and technological beef quality of Czech Fleckvieh and Montbeliard and their reaction to the end of feeding at the different age and different carcass growth intensity were studied.
Bulls were fattened until average weight of 656 kg. Montbeliard beef quality evaluation shown non-significant difference of higher intramuscular fat proportions and energy value compared to Czech Fleckvieh. Technological quality evaluation only indicated the tendency to lighter meat, lower water retention and lower level of hydroxyproline. Slaughter age rising in both breeds (the boundary vas 570 days) resulted in non-significant increasing of intramuscular fat together with significant (P < 0.05) increasing of muscle pigmentation content and non-significant shortening and water retention reduction.
Longer fattened bulls at both breeds shown non-significant m.l.th. area reduction at higher difference at Montbeliard. Net gain level as a carcass growth intensity, showed non-significant intramuscular fat production. Higher level of net daily gain produces, particularly at Montbeliards, lead to increasing of hydroxyproline. Higher growth intensity of Czech Fleckvieh influenced pigmentation content increase. Higher growth intensity in both breeds leads to enlarging the m.l.th.

The ripened cheese is typical by taste and aroma and texture also. The object of research was the influence of ripening on sensory and texture properties of Olomouc cheese with the determination the optimum lenght of ripening for consumers. High storage temperature of curd, deficiency of air oxygen and some other factors determine the senzory characteristics of this type cheese. The samples were taken from the factory directly and stored in the same conditions in cold (7 °C) during 5 weeks. Aroma, colour, appearance, level of ripening, consistence, taste, dry matter and texture analysis by TIRA machine 27 025 were followed. Cutting test measured the resistence to the passage of a knife, penetration test involved measurement of the force required to insert a probe a given distance into cheese. The best results of the flavour have been observed in three and four weeks storing. The best ripening and consistence were evaluated in the fourth and fifth week after cheese production. There was found the decrease of the cheese firmness during the ripening.

Milk yield varies during lactation, following what is termed a lactation curve. ŽIŽLAVSKÝ and MIKŠÍK (1988) recorded changes in milk yield within a day, too. TEPLÝ et al. (1979) a KOUŘIMSKÁ et al. (2007) published variation within a day ± 1.10 kg in milk yield, ± 0.75 % in milk fat content and ± 0.20 % in milk protein content. Milk yield of cows can be expressed in many different ways, for instance, in kilograms per lactation or in kilograms per day. A practical parameter describing milk production is milk yield (kg) per milking.
The object of experiment were 12 cows of Holstein cattle on the first lactation from the 100-day of lactation to 200-day of lactation. The samples of milk were collected from January to May 2007, once a month from the morning and evening milking (milking interval 12 h ± 15 min.). The following parameters were monitored: milk production - milk yield (kg), milk protein production (kg), milk fat production (kg); milk composition - milk protein content (%), milk fat content (%), lactose content (%), milk solids-not-fat content (%), milk total solids content (%); technological properties of milk - titratable acidity (SH), active acidity (pH), rennet coagulation time (s), quality of curd (class) and somatic cell count as a parameter of udder health.
Highly significant differences were found (P < 0.01) between morning milk yield (15.7 kg) and evening milk yield (13.8 kg), between morning milk protein production (0.51 kg) and evening milk protein production (0.45 kg) and between evening milk fat content (4.41 %) and morning milk fat content (3.95 %). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between morning milk total solids content (12.62 %) and evening milk total solids content (12.07 %). No significant differences were found between morning (M) and evening (E) values of the remaining parameters: milk fat production (M 0.62 kg; E 0.60 kg), milk protein content (M 3.24 %; E 3.27 %), milk lactose content (M 4.78 %; E 4.86 %), milk solids-not-fat content (M 7.69 %; E 7.71 %), somatic cell count (M 80 000/1 mL; E 101 000/1 mL), titratable acidity (M 7.75 SH; E 7.64 SH), active acidity (M pH 6.58; E pH 6.61), rennet coagulation time (M 189 s.; E 191 s.), quality of curd (M 1.60 class; E 1.57 class).